The History of Carthage has
fired the imaginations of writers and artists since the Renaissance, because of
the city’s heroic resistance to the Romans. Many tried to depict or describe
episodes from Carthage’s past without any knowledge of North African’s History.
The sources they consulted were firt and foremost roman texts such as Virgil’s
Aeneid and Livy’s History of Rome. They also drew on biographies of the
protagonists by the Greek writer Plutarch, which were widely disseminated
throughout Western Europe. For many centuries, sources illuminating the Punic
side of events were entirely absent.
Part of the appeal of Dido,
Hannibal Barcca, Sophoniba and others who were involved in the wars between
Rome and Carthage was the exoticism of these women and men, who were sometimes
portrayed as dark-skinned North Africans and who were nonetheless capable of
wreaking havoc among the forces of the noble Romans. Among the Carthaginian
heroes, Dido occupies an important place in the Western artistic imagination.
She was the mysterious queen who succeeded in detaining Aeneas at her court
until the gods sent their messenger, Mercury, ordering him to return to Italy.
She was clever, beautiful and alluring, as courageous as man, and she
consequently possessed almost superhuman gifts. She could serve as an example
to kings and queens alike, but she was also described in the sources as an
immoral and perverse temptress and a suicide. Dido’s Carthage would later
become the powerful opponent of Arenea’s descendants. The Queen cursed the
future Rome as she burned at the stake.
Dido was seen as equal of
rulers and soldiers of military fame. She built a city, fought against the surrounding
tribes, and went hunting, all supposedly male activities. Aeneas broke into
this happy pioneering world, and his passion seems initially to have enriched
it. One of the high points in their stormy relationship which a torrential
downpour and thunderstorm force them to take shelter in a cave. The two are in
every respect a match of other, and in the sketch produced by many Western’s
artists, like Romeyn de Hooghe (1645 – 1708), Dido wears a suit of armour over
her royal robe. This is a highly atmospheric sketch, with its sarcophagi
bearing imaginary inscriptions in Greek. Dido’s assistant Anna withdraws
discreetly, and the heroes have laid their weapons aside.
Her counterpart, Aeneas, was
generally described in glowing terms, despite his weakness in succumbing to
Dido’s charms. His first meeting with Dido was sometimes depicted in cycles of
painting or tapestries, such as the series made for the negotiations of the
Peace of Nijmegen in 1678. The pictures were reproduced in cheap copies.
Crispijn van de Passe’s series consisted of at least thirteen prints. It is
clear from the caption to the anonymous classicist print dating from around
1700 that Aeneas is also depicted here as devious. He plays the gallant when
the queen meets him in the harbor or in her throne room, but meanwhile he
pursues his own goals. For Dido, the future has only death in store.
Aeneas’s entrance into Carthage
is in itself a miraculous event. Giambattista Tiepolo (1696-1770) depicts Venus
showing Aeneas and Achates the way of the city, in his sketch for a ceiling
painting. She is sitting on a cloud that obscures Aeneas’s fleet. In the print
by Simon Thomassin (1655-1733), two lines from Aeneid clarify the castaways,
and after he has spoken, Aeneas appears to descend from the cloud. Dido’s
throne is in front of some building that are under construction; on the left, a
labourer is busying himself with a marble column. The 18th century
fan depicts the same scene; for its erudite owner, the allusion to the storm in
which Aeneas appears may have been a delightful association with the fan that
cooled her brow, and that was furthermore an important instrument in
lovemaking. All these scenes emphasize the contrast between Aeneas’s fiery
temperament and Dido’s restraint.
The Dutch tragedy of « Didoos
doot », written in 1668 by Andries Pels (1655-1731), served in turn as a source
of inspiration well into the 18th century, when the play was
still being performed. In a print by Simon Fokke (1690-1775), dating from 1758,
Dido in burning at the stake in front of canal house, while Aeneas is depicted
as a modern burgher, complete with the long wig that was fashionable at the
time. The aim was probably to ridicule Pels’s play, which was regarded as
pompous. The scene included several mirror characters: a urinating figure of
Amor, Dido’s wet nurse Anna in the doorway. None of the artists who produced
any of these painting or prints made the slightest effort to portray Carthage
or Dido as foreign. The architecture is classicist, and the characters’ dress
is quasi-Roman, probably based on stage costumes.
When we look at the image of
Dido through Classical Art, it is striking that she always served as example of
beauty, virtue, bravery and courage.